STATUS
GIZI : memang tak pernah sepi dari gonjang ganjing. Penggunaan
klasifikasi yang tak pernah permanen. Rujukan yang sering
gonta ganti. Praktisi di lapangan yang dibikin bingung,
apalagi kader posyandu. Kenapa bisa begitu ?. Apa tidak
bisa dipermanenkan ?. Siapa yang bertanggung jawab dalam
hal ini. Nah kalau sudah ditanya yang bertanggung jawab,
tidak satupun yang mau nunjuk tangan. Tapi giliran ditanya
siapa yang berjasa, semua memberikan argumentasi. Baku
Rujukan WHO-NCHS yang selama ini diyakini benar, dan 'harus'
dipakai secara International, saat ini ditemukan kelemahannya.
Yang menganjurkan digunakan adalah WHO dan yang mengeluarkan
tandingannya juga WHO. Ada apa dengan 2 Baku Rujukan ini.
Ikuti 2 makalah utama yang kami download dari situs resmi
WHO berikut ini.
Tampilan StartUP logo dari Software Antropometri WHO2006. Dipublikasi tahun 2007.
Dalam sioftware ini tidak saja hanya ada antropometri, tapi juga ada milestone. Perkembangan mental anak yang disesuaikan dengan umurnya. Simak manual penilaian motorik di bawah ini juga
Di bawah ini kami sajika 3 buah dikumen utama yang wajib dibaca oleh Peminat Gizi, khususnya yang berkecimpung dalam bidang per'antropometrian' di Indonesia. Semoga bermanfaat ..!
WHO2005
versus WHO-NCHS
Comparison
of the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards
and the National Center for Health Statistics/WHO international
growth reference: implications for child health programmes
Mercedes de Onis1,*, Adelheid W Onyango1, Elaine Borghi1, Cutberto
Garza2
and Hong Yang1, for the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study
Group†
1Department of Nutrition, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue
Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland:
2Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
Submitted 23 May 2006: Accepted 27 June 2006
Abstract
Objectives: To compare growth patterns and estimates of malnutrition
based on the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards
(‘the WHO standards’) and the National Center for
Health Statistics (NCHS)/WHO international growth reference
(‘the NCHS reference’), and discuss implications
for child health programmes.
Design: Secondary analysis of longitudinal data to compare growth
patterns (birth to 12 months) and data from two cross-sectional
surveys to compare estimates of malnutrition among under-fives.
Settings: Bangladesh, Dominican Republic and a pooled sample
of infants from North America and Northern Europe.
Subjects: Respectively 4787, 10 381 and 226 infants and children.
Results: Healthy breast-fed infants tracked along the WHO standard’s
weight-for-age mean Z-score while appearing to falter on the
NCHS reference from 2 months onwards. Underweight rates increased
during the first six months and thereafter decreased when based
on the WHO standards. For all age groups stunting rates were
higher according to the WHO standards. Wasting and severe wasting
were substantially higher during the first half of infancy.
Thereafter, the prevalence of severe wasting continued to be
1.5 to 2.5 times that of the NCHS reference. The increase in
overweight rates based on the WHO standards varied by age group,
with an overall relative increase of 34%. Conclusions: The WHO
standards provide a better tool to monitor the rapid and changing
rate of growth in early infancy. Their adoption will have important
implications for child health with respect to the assessment
of lactation performance and the adequacy of infant feeding.
Population estimates of malnutrition will vary by age, growth
indicator and the nutritional status of index populations. KEYWORDS : Growth standards Ant. Dokument lengkap download
(site ANDALEH) disini. file asli download disini (site WHO) Lihat dokumen lain
WHO2005
versus CDC 2000
Comparison
of the WHO Child Growth Standards and the CDC 2000 Growth Charts1 Mercedes de Onis,2* Cutberto Garza,3 Adelheid W. Onyango,2
and Elaine Borghi2
2Department of Nutrition, World Health Organization, Geneva,
Switzerland and 3Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA
Abstract
The evaluation of child growth trajectories and the interventions
designed to improve child health are highly dependent on the
growth charts used. The U.S. CDC and the WHO, in May 2000 and
April 2006, respectively, released new growth charts to replace
the 1977 NCHS reference. The WHO charts are based for the first
time on a prescriptive, prospective, international sample of
infants selected to represent optimum growth. This article compares
the WHO and CDC curves and evaluates the growth performance
of healthy breast-fed infants according to both. As expected,
there are important differences between the WHO and CDC charts
that vary by age group, growth indicator, and specific Z-score
curve. Differences are particularly important during infancy,
which is likely due to differences in study design and characteristics
of the sample, such as type of feeding. Overall, the CDC charts
reflect a heavier, and somewhat shorter, sample than the WHO
sample. This results in lower rates of undernutrition (except
during the first 6 mo of life) and higher rates of overweight
and obesity when based on the WHO standards. Healthy breast-fed
infants track along the WHO standard’s weight-for-age
mean Z-score while appearing to falter on the CDC chart from
2 mo onwards. Shorter measurement intervals in the WHO standards
result in a better tool for monitoring the rapid and changing
rate of growth in early infancy. Their adoption would have important
implications for the assessment of lactation performance and
the adequacy of infant feeding and would bring coherence between
the tools used to assess growth and U.S. national guidelines
that recommend breast-feeding as the optimal source of nutrition
during infancy. J. Nutr. 137: 144–148, 2007.
Assessment
of sex differences and heterogeneity in motor milestone
attainment among populations in the WHO Multicentre Growth
Reference Study
WHO
MULTICENTRE GROWTH REFERENCE STUDY GROUP1,2
1Department of Nutrition, World Health Organization, Geneva,
Switzerland, and 2Members of the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference
Study Group (listed at the end of the first paper in this supplement)
Abstract
Aim: To assess the heterogeneity of gross motor milestone achievement
ages between the sexes and among study sites participating in
the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study (MGRS). Methods:
Six gross motor milestones (sitting without support, hands-and-knees
crawling, standing with assistance, walking with assistance,
standing alone, and walking alone) were assessed longitudinally
in five of the six MGRS sites, namely Ghana, India, Norway,
Oman and the USA. Testing was started at 4 mo of age and performed
monthly until 12 mo, and bimonthly thereafter until all milestones
were achieved or the child reached 24 mo of age. Four approaches
were used to assess heterogeneity of the ages of milestone achievement
on the basis of sex or study site. Results: No significant,
consistent differences in milestone achievement ages were detected
between boys and girls, nor were any site/sex interactions
noted. However, some differences among sites were observed.
The contribution of inter-site heterogeneity to the total variance
was B/5% for those milestones with the least heterogeneous ages
of achievement (hands-and-knees crawling, standing alone, and
walking alone) and nearly 15% for those with the most heterogeneous
ages of achievement (sitting without support, standing with
assistance, and walking with assistance).
Conclusion: Inter-site differences, most likely due to culture-specific
care behaviours, reflect normal development among healthy populations
across the wide range of cultures and environments included
in the MGRS. These analyses support the appropriateness of pooling
data from all sites and for both sexes for the purpose of developing
an international standard for
gross motor development. Key Words: Gross motor milestones,
longitudinal, motor skills, standards, young child development.
Artikel selengkapnya Download
disini Lihat dokument lain di website WHO
On
the use of the WHO Anthro 2005, Beta version 17th Feb, 2006.
Software for assessing growth and development of the world's
children. This End User License Agreement accompanies the WHO
Anthro software 2005 for PC and all related documentation. It
refers to this current software version and any upgrades or
modified versions of it licensed by WHO. Please read this Agreement
carefully before starting the installation. By installing this
software you (the User) accept all the terms and conditions
of this Agreement. The software and all related documentation
are and shall at all times remain the intellectual property
of the World Health Organization. Nothing contained in this
Agreement shall be deemed to convey to the User any title or
ownership of the software or the related documentation. The
software is being made available by WHO for use in its present
form for the application of the WHO Child Growth Standards.
With identification of the source, WHO Anthro 2005 may be freely
distributed and copied, in part or in whole, but not for sale
nor for use in conjunction with any commercial or promotional
purpose The User is not permitted to modify, adapt, translate,
reverse-engineer, decompile, disassemble, or otherwise attempt
to discover the source code of the software, without prior permission
from WHO. Users interested in developing any derived products
are asked to contact: Department of Nutrition, World Health
Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (fax:
+41 22 791 4156). In addition, the User is not permitted to
use any part of the contents of the software to develop a product
that is to be sold or licensed for a fee. All reasonable precautions
have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the
information contained in this software. However, the software
is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed
or implied. The responsibility for the use of the software lies
with the User. In no event shall the World Health Organization
be liable for damages arising from its use. Selengkapnya download
disini di www.andaleh.com atau ambil langsung dari Website WHO lihat semua dokument disini